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SERIES 1 · THE COMPLETE COLLECTION

Series 1 · Slavery, Resistance & Freedom

Learn about enslavement, resistance, abolition and the struggle for freedom through biographies and historical records.

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COLLECTION RECORDImage not availableExplore the catalog description and source record.
ARCHIVE FILE
Archival documents & files

Labor Contracts — York District

Date not recorded

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Unbound labor contracts, January 1866–July 1867, are arranged by the initial letter of the surname of the employer.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog NMAAHC.FB.M1910, File 5.60.1
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BIOGRAPHY
History & Culture

Lacey Kirk Williams

1871–1941

Lacey Kirk Williams (July 11, 1871, Eufaula, Alabama - October 29, 1940) was an African-American who served as President of the National Baptist Convention from 1922 to 1940 and as Vice President of the World Baptist Alliance between 1928 and 1940. He died…

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BIOGRAPHY
Arts & Performance

Lady Bird Cleveland

1926–2015

Lady Bird Strickland (also Lady Bird Cleveland or Ladybird Cleveland) (July 24, 1926 – June 2, 2015) was an American painter whose work primarily depicts the African-American experience, focusing on aspects of life from slavery and the civil rights…

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ARCHIVE RECORD
Historical photographs & documents

Lafayette, La Fourche, Livingston, Madison, Morehouse, Natchitoches, Orleans, Ouchita, Plaquemines, and Point Coupee

1866–68

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Cataloged as “Lafayette, La Fourche, Livingston, Madison, Morehouse, Natchitoches, Orleans, Ouchita, Plaquemines, and Point Coupee”.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog NMAAHC.FB.M1905, Item 4.1.9.7
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BIOGRAPHY
Politics & Public Life

Lafayette Robinson

Dates not recorded

Lafayette Robinson was a bank cashier who served as a delegate to Alabama's 1867 Constitutional Convention representing Madison County, Alabama. He also served on the Huntsville School Board. He worked at the Freedman's Savings Bank in Huntsville.…

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Source image for Land conveyance by Heber and Hager Honestman, a free Black coupleLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Land conveyance by Heber and Hager Honestman, a free Black couple

1732

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Land conveyance for sale of ten acres of land by Heber and Hager Honestman, "a man and a woman Negros," to Nathan Hodges in 1732. Property is in Easton, Massachusetts, and the boundaries are listed in minutes at the end of the document. Document is…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2019.28.4
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Source image for Land deed for property in West Virginia owned by the Crawford familyLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Land deed for property in West Virginia owned by the Crawford family

February 7, 1903

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

A land deed for property in Fayette County, West Virginia owned by the Crawford family. The quarter-folded document has handwritten and pre-typed lithographed fields. When folded the front of the document reads: [Pd 2.00 DEED. J. L Johnson and Linnie T.…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2017.93
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Source image for Land indenture document transferring land from Gerrit Smith to John BicsLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
documents

Land indenture document transferring land from Gerrit Smith to John Bics

September 1, 1846

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

A land indenture document transferring land from Gerrit Smith to John Bics or Bice, a possibly formerly enslaved man, for the sum of one dollar. The document contains printed and handwritten text, both in black ink, on both sides of a single sheet of…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2013.65.1
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Source image for Land indenture for Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church issued to Richard AllenLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Land indenture for Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church issued to Richard Allen

1810

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

This deed for land issued to buyers is a yellowed paper document with visible creasing. There is inverted scalloping along the top edge, and begins [This Indenture] in large script at the top. The document is issued to Richard Allen, Jonathan Trusty,…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2010.62.2
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Source image for Land indenture for the Barbados plantation of Captain GunstonLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Land indenture for the Barbados plantation of Captain Gunston

March 28, 1685

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

An estate indenture concerning the Barbados plantation and property, including enslaved persons, of Captain Thomas Gunston. The property is being transferred from Gunston’s widow “Ursula Gunston” to his nephew and niece, (“John Gunston”) and (“Joan Gunston…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2010.1.316
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ARCHIVE FILE
Archival documents & files

Land Report and Report of Planters Who Had Sent Their Freedmen Away Unpaid — St. Simons Island (Agent)

Aug.–Sept. 1865

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Unbound land report and report of planters who had sent their freedmen away unpaid is dated August–September 1865 and consists of two items.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog NMAAHC.FB.M1903, File 3.79.1
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COLLECTION RECORDImage not availableExplore the catalog description and source record.
ARCHIVE RECORD
Historical photographs & documents

Land Reports

Feb.–Sept. 1866

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Cataloged as “Land Reports”.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog NMAAHC.FB.M1905, Item 5.29.10.1
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COLLECTION RECORDImage not availableExplore the catalog description and source record.
ARCHIVE FILE
Archival documents & files

Land Reports — Combahee Ferry (Agent)

Date not recorded

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Unbound land reports, September–October 1865, are arranged chronologically.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog NMAAHC.FB.M1910, File 5.19.1
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COLLECTION RECORDImage not availableExplore the catalog description and source record.
ARCHIVE FILE
Archival documents & files

Land Reports — Lake Providence (Assistant Subassistant Commissioner)

Date not recorded

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Unbound land reports, February–September 1866, are arranged chronologically.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog NMAAHC.FB.M1905, File 5.29.10
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Source image for Lantern slide of the slave dealers, Birch & Co., in Alexandria, VirginiaLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Lantern slide of the slave dealers, Birch & Co., in Alexandria, Virginia

1862

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Lantern slide of the slave trading firm of Price, Birch, & Co. of Alexandria, Virginia. The slide depicts a three story building is set to the right of the slide. A sign on the building reads “PRICE BIRCH & CO. / DEALERS IN SLAVES.” A tree is at the center…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2018.43.6
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Source image for Lantern slide of the slave pen of Price, Birch & Co. in Alexandria, VirginiaLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Lantern slide of the slave pen of Price, Birch & Co. in Alexandria, Virginia

1861

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

A glass lantern slide of a slave pen on the property of slave dealers Price, Birch & Company, where enslaved persons would be held until auction. The image depicts the view through the outer gate into interior of a slave pen. To the left, a building with a…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2012.17.1
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Source image for Last will and testament of Sarah Ann Blunt CrozleyLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Last will and testament of Sarah Ann Blunt Crozley

October 1898

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

A last will and testament for Sarah Ann Blount Crozley. The document is handwritten in black ink on legal paper with blue guidelines. On the front of the document is a formal statement by Sarah Ann Blount Crozley. On the back is a formal statement by the…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2010.49.3
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Source image for Last Will and Testament of Stephen G. WellsLoading image…
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Last Will and Testament of Stephen G. Wells

1849

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

The original last will and testament of Stephen G. Wells, written in iron gall ink on both sides of four sheets of off-white paper to make eight pages total. The will begins “In the name of God Amen, I Stephen G Wells being in my perfect mind and memory do…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2023.110a-d
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BIOGRAPHY
Politics & Public Life

Lawrence Cain

Biography

Lawrence Cain (c. 1844–1884) was a lawyer, state representative, state senator, and public official in various offices during the Reconstruction era. Owned as a slave by Zachariah W. Carwile during his youth, he served as a body servant of Confederate Army…

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BIOGRAPHY
Politics & Public Life

Lawrence Speed

Dates not recorded

Lawrence S. Speed was a farmer and state legislator in Alabama during the Reconstruction era. He was one of five African Americans who represented Bullock County in those years. He was also a Union League organizer in Bullock County. Speed was enslaved…

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COLLECTION RECORDImage not availableExplore the catalog description and source record.
MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Laws of the State of Mississippi, Passed at a Regular Session of the Mississippi Legislature; Held in the City of Jackson, October, November and December, 1865.

1866

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

An 8vo, 509 page complete printing of the laws passed by the Mississippi legislature October - December 1865. The volume has a light blue cover with printed label reading [MISSISSIPPI / LAWS / OCT. - DEC. 1865] at center. The title page is missing.…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2012.46.10
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BIOGRAPHY
Politics & Public Life

Lawson Steele

Dates not recorded

Lawson Steele was a state legislator in Alabama, United States, during the Reconstruction era. He represented Montgomery County, Alabama. He was a leader in the A.M.E. Church. In 1870, he had substantial and was one of the wealthier African American…

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MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Le Code Noir

1767

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Bound 446 page volume of 1767 "Le Code Noir" or "Black Code" with a red leather spine. The book covers are wrapped in a blue-green marbled paper and the edges are slightly worn. On the spine is embossed text in gold, above the center [LE / CODE NOIR]. Also…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2014.67
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MUSEUM OBJECT
Slavery and Freedom Objects

Learning is Wealth

1864

FROM THE SOURCE CATALOG

Carte-de-visite featuring a black and white photograph of three children, two girls and a boy, seated around a man in a chair. All are holding books. The caption under the picture reads "Learning is Wealth" "Wilson, Charley, Rebecca, & Rosa" "Slaves from…

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and CultureCatalog 2016.166.35.1
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Biographies, museum objects and archive records are distinct card types. Every card links to its historical source.